Conclusions

First of all simple tenses are used to show permanent characteristics of people and events or what happens regularly, habitually or in a single complete action.
The continuous tenses are used when talking about a particular point in time.
Sometimes you need to give some more information about an action or state ... and that is where the perfect time to enter

The perfect tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a point in the past. Often used to show things that have happened so far, but still not over, or to emphasize that something happened, but it is not true today. When they finish determines which of them are used.

Perfect tenses are never used when it is said when something happened ie yesterday, so last year, but can be used when talking about the length of saying something that often, forever, for, etc..

Talking about the future in English can seem complicated.The present simple, present continuous, simple present perfect and present perfect continuous can be and often is possible to use more than one structure, but have the same meaning.